Baghdad soon became larger than any other city in either Europe or the Middle East. It was officially known as Madīnat al-Salām (“City of Peace”), but in popular usage the old name prevailed. By this time Islam in Iraq had spread well beyond the original garrison towns, even though Muslims were still a minority of the population.Īt first the Abbasids ruled from Kūfah or nearby, but in 762 al-Manṣūr (754–775) founded a new capital on the site of the old village of Baghdad. Khorāsān was too much on the fringes of the Muslim world to be a suitable capital, and from the beginning the Abbasid caliphs made Iraq their base. This “Abbasid Revolution” ushered in the golden age of Islamic Iraq. The Abbasids themselves came from their secluded estate at Ḥumaymah in southern Jordan, and in 749 the first Abbasid caliph, Abū al-ʿAbbās (al-Saffāḥ), was proclaimed in the mosque at Kūfah. In 749 the armies from the east reached Iraq, where they received the support of much of the population.
Opposition to the Umayyads finally came to a head in northeastern Iran ( Khorāsān) in 747 when the mawlā Abū Muslim raised black banners in the name of the Abbasids, a branch of the family of the Prophet, distantly related to ʿAlī and his descendants.
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